ENGINEERING GEOLOGY:

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SYLLABUS

Pokhara University

Faculty of Science and Technology

Course No.: GTE 150 (3 Credits) Full marks: 100

Course title: Engineering Geology (3-0-2) Pass marks: 45 Nature of the course: Theory, Practical, and Field survey Total lectures: 45 hrs Level: Bachelor Program: BE

1. Course Description

This course intends to enable the students to be acquainted with unique understanding of the ground and geological processes, making them crucial to all construction and infrastructure projects so that it provides sound knowledge to develop an understanding of the principles and practice of engineering geology in the context of civil engineering. It would be helpful for them to understand how to identify the different types of rocks, minerals, geological structures, geological processes and their impacts on engineering structures. Furthermore, the course will help students to know about geological setting of Himalaya, geological structures for development of infrastructures.

2. General Objectives

This course has been designed to provide basic knowledge of geology to the students of civil engineering. After successful completion of this course the students will be able to:

· To identify different types of rocks and their significance

· To understand the various natural dynamic processes and their influence on the superficial features, natural material and their consequences

· To develop skills on geological interpretation for engineering structures and natural phenomena.

· To enhance the knowledge on hydro-geology, engineering geology, geological setting of the Himalaya.

· To develop the skill for the site investigation for the construction of various engineering infrastructures.

3. Methods of Instruction

Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, Practical work in laboratory, and field study

4. Contents in Detail

Specific Objectives

Contents

Introduces geology and engineering geology, different branches of geology and its scope in the field of civil engineering

Unit I: Introduction to Engineering Geology (2 hrs)

1.1 Introduction of Geology and Engineering Geology

1.2 Different branches of geology and their interrelations

1.3 Scope, objective and importance of geology in civil engineering

1.4 Engineering Geological System (EGS)

Define the internal structure of earth and the mobility of plates that form Himalayas

Unit II: Structure of Earth (3 hrs)

2.1 Internal structure of the Earth

2.2 Plate tectonics and mountain building processes

2.3 Formation of Himalayas

Know and understand rock forming minerals and their engineering significance	Unit III: Mineralogy (3 hrs) 3.1 Introduction of minerals and crystal morphology 3.2 Physical properties of minerals 3.3 Rock forming minerals and their engineering significance
Enhance to knowledge on different types of rocks and their characteristics.	Unit IV: Petrology (5 hrs)
	4.1 Petrographic classification of rocks and rock cycle 4.2 Introduction, classification, structure, texture, uses and engineering significance of igneous rock, sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock 4.3 Identification criteria of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rock in the field.
Classify the main geological features and identify the problem related to it. Measure the different types of geological data for rock mass classification.	Unit V: Structural geology (7 hrs) 5.1 Attitude / orientation of geological structures, stratification, rock mass discontinuities (Dip, Strike, Plunge, and Trend) 5.2 Study of folds faults, joint and unconformity 5.3 Identification criteria of geological structures in the field 5.4 Rock deformation and its effect on engineering infrastructures 5.5 Study of rock mass (classification, Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI) system, and Geological Strength Index (GSI) 5.6 Kinematic analysis of discontinuity for slope stability analysis using stereographic projection and Hoek-Brown failure criterion
Provide broad concept of various landforms, various earth processes and development of various surfaces of the earth	Unit VI: Geomorphology; and geological hazards (7 hrs) 6.1 Various landforms produced by various geological agents (running water, glacier, seawater, wind, and ground water) 6.2 Study of earth processes (Weathering, erosion, subsidence, mass wasting, volcanism, earthquake, flood, liquefaction, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), and the effect on development of surfaces of the earth
Familiarize the basics of the subsurface water problem and its engineering implications.	Unit VII: Hydrogeology (4 hrs) 7.1 River channel morphology 7.2 Introduction of aquifer and ground water movement 7.3 Mechanism of spring water engineering and significance of sub- surface water movement 7.4 Artificial recharging and aquifer system in the context of Nepal
Enhance the knowledge on site investigation and interpretation of different maps for site investigation	Unit VIII: Site Investigation (8 hrs) 8.1 Elements of an investigation, types of site investigation (Direct and Indirect methods) 8.2 Study of topographic, geological and engineering geological maps, satellite imagery, and Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) image 8.3 Geological investigation for dam, reservoir, road, building, bridges and underground excavation. 8.4 Introduction of bore hole drilling, logging, sampling; and bore hole problems
Get familiar with the major geology of the Nepal Himalaya with their engineering significance.	Unit IX: Geology of Nepal (3 hrs) 9.1 Geological subdivision of the Nepal Himalaya 9.2 Engineering geological problem of each geological division of Nepal 9.3 Major rock type, Soil type, construction material found at the

different zones of Nepal

Explain the concept of reserve estimation methods.

Unit X: Study of Reserve Estimation of Construction Material (3 hrs)

10.1 Types of reserves

10.2 Methods of estimation of reserves

10.3 Role of different types of maps for construction material survey

5 Tutorials

The following tutorial activities of 15 hours per group of maximum 24 students should be conducted to cover all the required contents of this course:

SN	Topics
1	Study drawings of various geological structures
2	Solve the bore hole/three-point problems
3	Stereographic projection (plane and pole)
4	Kinematic analysis of slope stability (stereographic projection and Hoek-Brown failure criteria)
5	Interpretation of topographical, geological and engineering geological maps

6 Practical Works (15 hours for a group of maximum 24 students)

SN	Topics
1	To identify the rock forming minerals
2	To identify the rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic)
3	Interpretation of topographic, geomorphologic and geological maps
4	Understanding geological implications in engineering project siting, design and construction.
5	Preparation of engineering geological map

A three-day fieldwork to provide practical on-site knowledge on preparation and interpretation of engineering geological mapping (Petrology, Structural geology, active faults, Geomorphology, Geo-hazards, River morphology, Rock mass, and Engineering geological site investigation etc). Students submit report after the fieldwork ( Attendance in Fieldwork is Compulsory).

7. Evaluation System

In addition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of quizzes, assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows.

Internal Evaluation	Weight	Marks	External Evaluation	Marks
Theory		30
Attendance & Class Participation	10%
Assignments	20%
Presentations/Quizzes	10%
Term exam	60%

Practical work and field studies		10+10	Semester-End Examination	50
Attendance & Participation	10%
Report	10%
Viva	20%
Exam	60%
Total Internal		50
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100

Student's Responsibilities

Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical evaluation with 80% attendance in the class to appear in the Semester End Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear in the Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exams, tests, etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.

8.Prescribed Books and References Text Book

1. Bell, F. G. (2006). Engineering Geology. 2nd Edition , Elsevier.

2. Krynine, D., & Judd, W. R. (2005). Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics. CBS Publishers.

References

1. Deoja, B., Dhital, M., Wagner, A., & K.B, T. (1991). Mountain Risk Engineering Handbooks I and II. ICIMOD.

2. Dhital, MR, Geology of the Nepal Himalaya, Springer International Published, Switzerland, (2015)

3. Price, D. (2009). Engineering Geology - Principles and Practice. (MH de Freitas, Ed.) Springer. Hoek, E., and Brown, ET (2019). The Hoek-Brown failure criterion and GSI-2018 edition, Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11, 445-463.

4. Vallejo, LGde., Ferrer, M., 2011. Geological Engineering, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group,

Definition of engineering geology:

• According to IAEG (International Association for Engineering Geology)

1. IAEG statutes, Arnould, 1970

The application of the earth sciences to engineering planning, construction, prospecting, testing and processing of related materials.

2. IAEG statutes, 1992

The science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of the engineering and environmental problems which may arise as a result of the interaction between geology and the works and development of measures for prevention or remediation of geological hazard.

Definition of Engineering Geology according to IAEG (1992)

⚫ Engineering geology, is defined by the IAEG as the science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geology and the works or activities of man, as well as of the prediction of and development of measures for the prevention or remediation of geological hazards.

⚫ It simply refers to the application of geological principles to engineering studies.

Scope of geology in civil engineering:

⚫ Mining engineering

⚫ Water Resource Engineering

⚫ Geomechanics

⚫ Land use planning

⚫ Environmental engineering

⚫ Earthquake Engineering

⚫ Oceanography

⚫ Hydrogeological study

⚫ Construction material engineering

⚫ Tunneling

⚫ Foundation engineering - assessment of soil conditions

⚫ Construction materials engineering - quality of stones, lime,

cement etc.

⚫ Infrastructure engineering - location of bridges, tunnels, rivers

meandering zones

⚫ Disaster mitigation - seismic resistant structural design, flood

control, river training, waterway of bridges

⚫ Land-use engineering - soil erosion control, natural drainage

⚫ Water Resources engineering - hydrogeology, source and quality

of aquifer and water, desilting of reservoirs and channels

⚫ Environmental engineering - ecological balance, solid waste

management by landfill

Objectives and importance of geology in civil engineering:

⚫ Geology provides systematic approach to complete the constructions' groundwork smoothly and complete the civil engineering without any complications

⚫ The value of geology in Civil Engineering has been recognized only comparatively

recent years.

⚫ Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction material, its occurrence, composition, durability and other properties. Example of such construction materials is building stones, road metal, clay, limestones and laterite.

⚫ The knowledge of the geological work of natural agencies such as water, wind, ice and earthquakes helps in planning and carrying out major civil engineering works.

⚫ For example the knowledge of erosion, transportation and deposition helps greatly in solving the expensive problems of river control, coastal and harbour work and soil conservation.

⚫ Ground water is the water which occurs in the subsurface rocks.The knowledge about its quantity and depth of occurrence is required in connection with water supply, irrigation, excavation and many other civil engineering works.

⚫ The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly concerned with the geology of the area where they are to be built. In these works drilling is commonly undertaken to explore the ground conditions. Geology helps greatly in interpreting the drilling data.

⚫ In tunneling, constructing roads, canals, docks and in determining the stability of cuts and slopes, the knowledge about the nature and structure of rocks is very necessary.

⚫ Before staring a major engineering project at a place, a detailed geological report which is accompanied by geological maps and sections, is prepared. Such a report helps in planning and constructing the projects.

⚫ The stability of civil engineering structure is considerably increased if the geological feature like faults, joints, bedding planes, folding solution channels etc in the rock beds are properly located and suitably treated.

Role and task of an engineering geologist

⚫ Consult geological maps and aerial photographs to advice on site selection.

⚫ Perform desk studies and assess site information sources prior to field investigations.

⚫ Assist with design of built structures, using specialized computer software and calculations.

⚫ Assess findings for construction engineers.

⚫ Collect data and produce engineering geological reports.

⚫ Oversee progress of specific contracts related to engineering geology.

⚫ Conduct engineering calculations.

⚫ Assist in preparation of construction plans, specifications and cost estimates including material

quantity calculations.

⚫ Provide construction oversight, documentation, interpretation of drawings and specifications and other support services.

⚫ Gather, analyze and publish field and laboratory data in geotechnical report.

⚫ Conduct field investigations as geological mapping, geotechnical drilling and sampling.

⚫ Conduct engineering analyzes including slope stability.

⚫ Report geotechnical recommendations integral to successful design, construction and

maintenance of roads, airports and other engineered structures.

⚫ Perform logging and sampling drill holes and trenches, geological and structural mapping, and

installation and observation of down-hole instrumentation.

⚫ Collect, analyze and interpret geotechnical data.

Scope, objective and it's importance in context of Nepal:

⚫ Nepal has diverse topography with Himalaya, hill and Terai which comprises of variable geology.

⚫ Tectonically active Himalaya range comprises of many unique landforms to be studied prior to construction.

⚫ Different dynamic earth processes like weathering, erosion, landslides, earthquake makes the study of geology in Nepal important before starting any design.

⚫ Lack of better understanding of geology of an area may result in design

failure.

⚫ For the identification of different hazards study of geology is important for

Nepal.

⚫ Geology assist in the preliminary phase of investigation so that the implementation phase of design works which has not yet been possible in Nepal.

⚫ Geological study is therefore essential to avoid disasters, accidents and for the long lasting construction.

Notes of pokhara university

Sunday, May 19, 2024

Engineering Geology Notes # Second semester